Diplomacy in Black and White: John Adams, Toussaint Louverture, and Their Atlantic World AllianceFrom 1798 to 1801, during the Haitian Revolution, President John Adams and Toussaint Louverture forged diplomatic relations that empowered white Americans to embrace freedom and independence for people of color in Saint Domingue. The United States supported the Dominguan revolutionaries with economic assistance and arms and munitions; the conflict was also the U. S. Navy's first military action on behalf of a foreign ally. This cross cultural